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6 Vladivostok and Intourist: Refugee Flows to the North Pacific, 1940-1941
Abstract In 1987, Mikhail Gorbachev declared that he would like Vladivostok to become the USSR’s “widely opened window to the East.” The largest number of foreigners to pass through the city between 1922 and 1991 occurred in late 1940 and early 1941, and this article details how this happened. Having been granted visas by the Japanese consul in Kaunas, Lithuania, over 3,000 transit passengers crossed Siberia and took ship to Japan, saving their lives from the impending Holocaust. This paper greatly expands our knowledge of the central part played by the USSR in that transit, with Intourist, the national tourism monopoly, the Foreign Ministry, and the NKVD all playing significant roles. Materials are drawn mainly from Soviet and Japanese archives.
